The municipal council is made up of 120 elected members,[93] who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. The tradition has been celebrated since the early 1970s, when the humor of Ukraine's citizens were drawn to television and the media, further developing into a mass festival. Kostyantyn Mykolayovych Bocharov (born 1997), better known by his stage name Mlovin is a native of Odesa. 354, 355 (footnote 4), 356. The tourism sector is of great importance to Odesa, which is currently[when?] By the beginning of the 1st millennium A.D. the Sarmatians displaced the Scythians. [3] On January 25, 2023, its historic city centre was declared a World Heritage Site and added to the List of World Heritage in Danger by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in recognition of its influence on cinema, literature, and the arts. Other Odesans are the duo Ilf and Petrovauthors of The Twelve Chairs, and Yuri Olesha, author of "The Three Fat Men". Another notable port, Chornomorsk, is located in the same oblast, to the south-west of Odesa. The Italian writer, Slavist and anti-fascist dissident Leone Ginzburg was born in Odesa into a Jewish family, and then went to Italy where he grew up and lived. [4] Utochkin had challenged a steam-powered tram while running, on a bicycle he beat a galloping horse, while on roller skates he was passing a bicyclist. Its administrative centre is the city of Odesa (Ukrainian: ). Evidence of the earliest inhabitants in this area comes from the settlements and burial grounds of the Neolithic Gumelnia, Cucuteni-Trypillia and Usatove cultures, as well as from the tumuli and hoards of the Bronze Age Proto-Indo-Europeans. The city's Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy is one of the world's leading ophthalmology clinics. [69][70], Odesa is situated (4628N 3044E / 46.467N 30.733E / 46.467; 30.733) on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor on the Black Sea in the Gulf of Odesa, approximately 31km (19mi) north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some 443km (275mi) south of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. [38] With the establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795, the Vorstadt was named Tiraspol. [42][43] Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade, Prince Kuriakin (the Saint Petersburg-based High Commissioner for Sanitation) countermanded Richelieu's orders. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that 2.3% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 91.5% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. Odesa became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on the city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). [citation needed] Many ended up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Brighton Beach, sometimes known as "Little Odesa". Odesa also has a well-developed system of inter-urban municipal roads and minor beltways. This has, over the past few centuries, aided the city greatly in creating conditions necessary for the development of summer tourism. [citation needed] It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during both its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army. [4] With over 80,000ha (200,000 acres)[4] of vineyards, it is also the largest wine-growing region in Ukraine. Ze'ev Jabotinsky (18801940), was born in Odesa, and largely developed his version of Zionism there in the early 1920s. Laid out in 1803 by Felix De Ribas (brother of the founder of Odesa, Jos de Ribas) on a plot of urban land he owned, the garden is located right in the heart of the city. Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529. [38], The Flemish engineer working for the Russian Empress Catherine the Great, Jos de Ribas's collaborator Franz de Voland recommended the area of Khadjibey fortress as the site for the region's basic port: it had an ice-free harbor, breakwaters could be cheaply constructed that would render the harbor safe and it would have the capacity to accommodate large fleets. With a staff of 1,200 (mostly guards and janitors), the market is also the region's largest employer. [38][clarification needed], By the Highest[clarification needed] rescript of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses. Yaakov Dori (18991973), the first Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, and President of the Technion Israel Institute of Technology, was born in Odesa, as was Israel Dostrovsky (19182010), Israeli physical chemist who was the fifth president of the Weizmann Institute of Science. The territory of the Odesa Oblast passed to Russian control in 1791 in the course of the Russian southern expansion towards the Black Sea at the end of the 18th century. Another intelligence agent from Odesa was Genrikh Lyushkov (19001945), who joined the Odesa Cheka in 1920 and reached two-star rank in the NKVD before fleeing to Japanese-occupied Manchuria in 1938 to avoid being murdered. Images gallery. The port, which includes an oil refinery, container handling facility, passenger area and numerous areas for handling dry cargo, is lucky in that its work does not depend on seasonal weather; the harbour itself is defended from the elements by breakwaters. The last of these institutions is a highly specialised and prestigious establishment for the preparation and training of merchant mariners which sees around 1,000 newly qualified officer cadets graduate each year and take up employment in the merchant marines of numerous countries around the world. Sources of running water in the city include the Dniester River, from which water is taken and then purified at a processing plant just outside the city. [119] The market has roughly 6,000 traders and an estimated 150,000 customers per day. The Seventh-Kilometer Market is a major commercial complex on the outskirts of the city where private traders now operate one of the largest market complexes in Eastern Europe. The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement. Odesa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to the Russian and other European networks by strategic pipelines. She recorded 187 confirmed kills during the defense of Odesa. [8] Its historical architecture is more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. This created a gigantic, complicated labyrinth of tunnels beneath Odesa, known as the Odesa catacombs. During the Russian-Turkish War of 17871792,[33] on 25 September 1789, a detachment of Russian forces, including Zaporozhian Cossacks under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich, took Khadjibey and Yeni Dnya for the Russian Empire. [54] Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odesans (and deported most of the German population) on account of collaboration with the occupiers. [105], The "Odesite speech" became a staple of the "Soviet Jew" depicted in a multitude of jokes and comedy acts, in which a Jewish adherent served as a wise and subtle dissenter and opportunist, always pursuing his own well-being, but unwittingly pointing out the flaws and absurdities of the Soviet regime. One section of the troops came under command of a Spaniard in Russian service, Irishman Major General Jos de Ribas (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas); today, the main street in Odesa, Deribasivska Street, is named after him. The M14 is of particular importance to Odesa's maritime and shipbuilding industries as it links the city with Ukraine's other large deep water port Mariupol which is located in the south east of the country. Electric tramway started to operate on 22 August 1907. Nearby stood the military barracks and the country houses (dacha) of the city's wealthy residents, including that of the Duc de Richelieu, appointed by Tzar Alexander I as Governor of Odesa in 1803. Many of Odesa's buildings have, rather uniquely for a Ukrainian city, been influenced by the Mediterranean style of classical architecture. During the 19th century, Odesa was the fourth largest city of the Russian Empire, after Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Warsaw. The city's first railway station was opened in the 1880s. In antiquity, various Greek colonies had taken this role, followed by the Varangians who established Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, as well as various Italian colonies after the Mongol invasion of Europe. Agriculture is a relatively important sector in the territories surrounding the city. [13], In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the Greek Plan of Catherine the Great. Through most of the 19th century and until the mid 20th century, the largest ethnic group in Odesa was Russians, with the second largest ethnic group being Jews.[84]. As a result, despite the events of 1941, the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe.[52]. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, "Zelensky fired Marchenko, Haidai and Hamalia from the positions of ODA leaders", "Republic of Moldavia an Intermezzo on the Signing and the Ratification of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages", " , ", Results of the 2001 All-Ukrainian population census for the Odesa Region, "Religious preferences of the population of Ukraine", " , 1 2015 - 2015 ", " . This refers to the second ancient Odessos, founded between the end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC (the first one, identified with modern Varna in Bulgaria, is the older of the two, founded c. 610 BC). [65][66] In addition, the Russians destroyed more than 1,000m2 of the territory of the cemetery. The site of present-day Odesa was then a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hac I Giray, and also spelled Kocibey in English, Hacbey or Hocabey in Turkish, and Hacbey in Crimean Tatar). Odesa is home to several universities and other institutions of higher education. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. Some of the Odesans had a more favourable view of the Romanian occupation, in contrast with the Soviet official view that the period was exclusively a time of hardship, deprivation, oppression and suffering claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day. Approximately 38,000 medals were awarded to servicemen of the Soviet Army, Navy, Ministry of Internal Affairs, and civil citizens who took part in the city's defense. The city typically experiences dry, cold winters, which are relatively mild when compared to most of Ukraine, as they're marked by temperatures which rarely fall below 10C (14F). [96] A similar streetscape can also be found in that of Prymorsky Bulvar, a grand thoroughfare which runs along the edge of the plateau upon which the city is situated, and where many of the city's most imposing buildings are to be found. Odesa Oblast expanded in 1954 to absorb Izmail Oblast (also known as the Budjak region of Bessarabia), formed in 1940 as a result of the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (from Romania), when Northern and Southern parts of Bessarabia were given to the Ukrainian SSR. The city's Preobrazhensky Park surrounds its cathedral, The Londonskaya Hotel, on Odesa's magnificent Prymorsky Bulvar, is one of the city's landmark buildings, The main building of the Odesa National Medical University. I order to establish here a navy harbor and trading pierce" and invested the first money (26.000 rubles) in construction. The city of Odesa hosts both the Port of Odesa and Port Pivdennyi, a significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. The Baryatinsky Bulvar is popular for its route, which starts at the park's gate before winding its way along the edge of the coastal plateau. In his letters, he wrote that Odesa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read". "Odessa", a transliteration of the name in Russian, is the traditional English spelling of the city's name still used in the Lexico and Britannica dictionaries (but no longer in Encyclopdia Britannica)[18][19] as the primary name,[20][21] but "Odesa", the spelling of the name in Ukrainian, increasingly appears in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city. [14][15] (see map). Other routes of national significance, passing through Odesa, include the M16 Highway to Moldova, M15 to Izmail and Romania, and the M14 which runs from Odesa, through Mykolaiv and Kherson to Ukraine's eastern border with Russia. Odesa is a major maritime-transport hub that includes several ports including Port of Odesa, Port of Chornomorsk (ferry, freight), Yuzhne (freight only). The Orthodox community of Odesa Oblast is divided as follows: Until 2020, the Odesa Oblast was administratively subdivided into 26 raions (districts) and 7 municipalities which were directly subordinate to the oblast government (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Chornomorsk, Izmail, Podilsk, Teplodar, Yuzhne and the administrative centre of the oblast, Odesa). [33] In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank. : , . The council has seventeen standing commissions[94] which play an important role in controlling the finances and trading practices of the city and its merchants. a free economic zone this has aided the foundation of foreign companies' and corporations' Ukrainian divisions and allowed them to more easily invest in the Ukrainian manufacturing and service sectors. Odesa is sometimes called the "Pearl by the Sea",[11] the "Southern Capital",[12] "Odesa-mama" and "The Humour Capital", as well as "Southern Palmyra". [71], The population density for which is around 6,139 persons/km2. Dwell in comfort at any of our 442 rooms including 55 serviced apartments and 45 suites. The defense of Odesa started on 5 August 1941 and lasted for 73 days. The 19th-century shopping gallery Passage was, for a long time, the city's most upscale shopping district, and remains to this day[update] an important landmark of Odesa. The average elevation at which the city is located is around 50 metres (160 feet). The Russians shot at the cemetery and the house in Odessa", "Sirens and Flaming Shots Life in Wartime Odesa", "Ukraine's Odesa designated Unesco World Heritage site", "Ukraine's Odesa, the 'pearl of the Black Sea', added to Unesco World Heritage list", "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 19812010", "All-Ukrainian Census of 2001 Official Site", " 2001| || | | ", Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, " ", " 2001| || | ", " "" " ? Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance and Classicist.[9]. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local smugglers. [44], In the period from 1795 to 1814, the population of Odesa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people. From the middle of the first millennium the formation of the Slavic people began. By that time, the Soviet authorities had been able to evacuate 200,000 people as well as weaponry and industrial equipment. 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